The presence of fetal squamous cells or other fetal tissues, including meconium, have been found in the maternal circulation after the event. Diagnosis ĪFE is diagnosed when all other causes have been excluded. A maternal age of 35 years or older is associated with AFE. However, other studies have refuted this claim. Īccording to one study, induction of labor may double the risk of AFE. Small lacerations in the lower reproductive tract are associated with AFE. The condition can also develop after elective abortion, amniocentesis, cesarean delivery, or trauma. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurs and results in serious bleeding. When the fetal cells and amniotic fluid enter the bloodstream, reactions occur that cause severe changes in the mechanisms that affect blood clotting. Upon later analysis, fetal cells are found in the maternal circulation. The disorder occurs during the last stages of labor when amniotic fluid enters the circulatory system of the mother via tears in the placental membrane or uterine vein rupture. There is much variation in how each instance progresses. Though symptoms and signs can be profound, they also can be entirely absent. Signs and symptoms Īmniotic fluid embolism is suspected when a woman giving birth experiences very sudden insufficient oxygen to body tissues, low blood pressure, and profuse bleeding due to defects in blood coagulation.
This condition is unpredictable and no risk factors have been verified. The rate at which it occurs is 1 instance per 20,000 births and it comprises 10% of all maternal deaths. Pathophysiology of the amniotic fluid embolismĪn amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a very uncommon childbirth ( obstetric) emergency in which amniotic fluid enters the blood stream of the mother, triggering a serious reaction, which results in cardiorespiratory (heart and lung) collapse and massive bleeding ( coagulopathy).
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